Overview

We will:

1. Choose a Database Engine
2. Create an AWS RDS Database Instance
3. Configure Network Settings and Security Groups
4. Set Up AWS RDS Proxy (Optional but Recommended)
5. Store Database Credentials Securely with AWS Secrets Manager
6. Update Lambda Function Configuration
7. Configure Django to Use the Database
8. Test the Database Connection
9. Run Database Migrations
10. Best Practices and Considerations

Prerequisites

• An AWS account with necessary permissions to create and manage RDS instances, Lambda functions, and IAM roles.
• AWS CLI installed and configured (optional but helpful).
• Basic knowledge of AWS services and Django applications.

Step 1: Choose a Database Engine

AWS RDS supports several database engines compatible with Django:

• PostgreSQL
• MySQL
• MariaDB
• Amazon Aurora (MySQL or PostgreSQL compatible)

For this guide, we’ll use Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL.

Step 2: Create an AWS RDS Database Instance

Option A: Using AWS Management Console

1. Navigate to RDS Service:

   • Log in to the AWS Management Console.
   • Search for and select RDS.

2. Create a Database:

   • Click on Databases in the left navigation pane.
   • Click on Create database.

3. Choose a Database Creation Method:

   • Standard Create: Allows full control over configuration options.

4. Select Engine Options:

   • Engine Type: Choose PostgreSQL.
   • Version: Select the latest supported version.

5. Specify Templates:

   • Choose Free tier for testing or Production for live applications.

6. Settings:

   • DB Instance Identifier: A unique name for your database instance (e.g., my-django-db).
   • Master Username: Enter a username (e.g., dbadmin).
   • Master Password: Enter and confirm a strong password.

7. Instance Configuration:

   • DB Instance Class: Select an appropriate instance size (e.g., db.t3.micro for testing).
   • Storage: Set the allocated storage (e.g., 20 GiB).
   • Storage Autoscaling: Enable if desired.

8. Availability & Durability:

   • For production, consider Multi-AZ deployment for high availability.

9. Connectivity:

   • Virtual Private Cloud (VPC): Choose the VPC where your Lambda function resides.
   • Subnet Group: Leave as default or select specific subnets.
   • Public Access: Set to No to keep the database private.
   • VPC Security Group: Create a new security group or select an existing one.
     • New Security Group: Will allow you to define inbound/outbound rules.

10. Additional Configuration:

    • Database Port: Default is 5432 for PostgreSQL.
    • DB Parameter Group & Option Group: Leave as default unless specific configurations are needed.
    • Encryption: Enable if required.

11. Backup and Maintenance:

    • Automatic Backups: Enable and set retention period.
    • Backup Window: Specify or leave as default.
    • Maintenance Window: Specify or leave as default.

12. Monitoring:

    • Enable enhanced monitoring if needed.

13. Log Exports:

    • Enable PostgreSQL logs for auditing and troubleshooting.

14. Delete Protection:

    • Enable Deletion Protection to prevent accidental deletion.

15. Create Database:

    • Review your settings.
    • Click Create database.

Option B: Using AWS CLI

aws rds create-db-instance \
    --db-instance-identifier my-django-db \
    --db-instance-class db.t3.micro \
    --engine postgres \
    --allocated-storage 20 \
    --master-username dbadmin \
    --master-user-password YourStrongPassword \
    --vpc-security-group-ids sg-xxxxxxxx \
    --db-subnet-group-name my-subnet-group \
    --no-publicly-accessible

Note: Replace placeholders with your actual values.

Step 3: Configure Network Settings and Security Groups

1. Security Group for RDS

• Inbound Rules:
  • Type: PostgreSQL
  • Protocol: TCP
  • Port Range: 5432
  • Source: Security group of your Lambda function (recommended) or specific IP ranges.

2. Security Group for Lambda Function

• Ensure the Lambda function’s security group allows outbound traffic to the database’s security group on port 5432.

3. VPC and Subnets

• Both the Lambda function and RDS instance should be in the same VPC.
• Use private subnets for enhanced security.

Step 4: Set Up AWS RDS Proxy (Optional but Recommended)

Benefits:

• Manages database connections efficiently.
• Improves application scalability.
• Enhances security by integrating with IAM and Secrets Manager.

1. Create RDS Proxy

1. Navigate to RDS Proxies:

   • In the AWS RDS console, click on Proxies in the left navigation pane.
   • Click Create proxy.

2. Configure Proxy Settings:

   • Proxy Identifier: A unique name for your proxy (e.g., my-django-proxy).
   • Engine Compatibility: Select PostgreSQL.
   • Require IAM Authentication: Enable for enhanced security (optional).

3. Target Group:

   • Select RDS DB Instance: Choose your RDS instance created earlier.
   • Connection Settings: Configure as needed.

4. Connectivity:

   • VPC: Should be the same as your Lambda function and RDS instance.
   • Subnets: Select the same subnets used by your Lambda function.
   • Security Groups: Assign a security group that allows traffic between the Lambda function and the RDS Proxy.

5. IAM Role:

   • Create New Role: Allow the proxy to access Secrets Manager and authenticate with the database.

6. Encryption: Enable if required.

7. Create Proxy:

   • Review settings and click Create proxy.

2. Update Security Groups

• Ensure that the Lambda function’s security group allows outbound traffic to the RDS Proxy’s security group on port 5432.

3. Adjust Database Connection Settings

• When using RDS Proxy, you’ll connect to the proxy endpoint instead of the database endpoint.

Step 5: Store Database Credentials Securely with AWS Secrets Manager

1. Create a Secret

1. Navigate to Secrets Manager:

   • In the AWS Management Console, search for and select Secrets Manager.

2. Store a New Secret:

   • Click Store a new secret.
   • Secret Type: Choose Credentials for RDS database.
   • Credentials:
     • Username: Database master username (e.g., dbadmin).
     • Password: Database master password.

3. Select Database

   • Encryption Key: Use the default or a custom KMS key.
   • Select the Database: Choose the RDS database you created.

4. Secret Name and Description:

   • Secret Name: Give a meaningful name (e.g., my-django-db-secret).

5. Configure Rotation (Optional):

   • Enable automatic rotation if desired.

6. Review and Store:

   • Review the settings and click Store.

2. IAM Permissions

• Ensure your Lambda function’s execution role has permissions to access the secret.

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "secretsmanager:GetSecretValue",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:secretsmanager:region:account-id:secret:my-django-db-secret"
    }
  ]
}

Step 6: Update Lambda Function Configuration

1. Configure VPC Access

• In the AWS Lambda console:

  • Navigate to your Lambda function.
  • Click on Configuration > VPC.
  • Select the same VPC, subnets, and security groups as your RDS instance.

2. Set Environment Variables

• Add the following environment variables to your Lambda function:

  • SECRET_NAME: Name of your secret in Secrets Manager (e.g., my-django-db-secret).
  • AWS_REGION: Region where your secret is stored (e.g., us-east-1).

3. Update IAM Role

• Ensure the Lambda function’s execution role includes:

  • Permissions to access AWS Secrets Manager.
  • Permissions to access AWS RDS Proxy (if used).

4. Adjust Timeout and Memory Settings

• Timeout: Increase to at least 30 seconds to allow for database connections.
• Memory: Allocate sufficient memory (e.g., 1024 MB) to improve performance.

Step 7: Configure Django to Use the Database

1. Install Database Driver

• For PostgreSQL:

  pip install psycopg2-binary
  

2. Update settings.py

import os
import json
import boto3
from botocore.exceptions import ClientError

def get_secret():
    secret_name = os.environ.get('SECRET_NAME')
    region_name = os.environ.get('AWS_REGION')

    # Create a Secrets Manager client
    session = boto3.session.Session()
    client = session.client(service_name='secretsmanager', region_name=region_name)

    try:
        get_secret_value_response = client.get_secret_value(SecretId=secret_name)
    except ClientError as e:
        raise e
    else:
        # Secrets Manager returns the secret as a string
        secret = get_secret_value_response['SecretString']
        return json.loads(secret)

secrets = get_secret()

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
        'NAME': secrets['dbname'],
        'USER': secrets['username'],
        'PASSWORD': secrets['password'],
        'HOST': secrets['host'],  # Use RDS Proxy endpoint if using proxy
        'PORT': secrets.get('port', '5432'),
    }
}

Notes:

• secrets['host']: If using RDS Proxy, use the proxy endpoint.
• Ensure that boto3 is included in your Lambda function’s deployment package.

Step 8: Test the Database Connection

1. Verify Lambda Function Connectivity

• Test Event:

  • In the Lambda console, create a test event.
  • Invoke the Lambda function and check for any connection errors.

2. Check CloudWatch Logs

• Look for any errors related to database connectivity in the logs.

3. Common Issues

• Timeout Errors: May indicate networking issues or incorrect VPC configurations.
• Authentication Errors: Check that credentials are correct and Secrets Manager is returning the expected values.

Step 9: Run Database Migrations

Option 1: Run Migrations via Lambda Function

• Create a Migration Function:

  • Use the same Lambda function or create a separate one specifically for migrations.
  • Set an environment variable COMMAND with the value migrate.

• Modify lambda_function.py:

  import os
  import sys
  from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
  
  def lambda_handler(event, context):
      os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'my_app.settings')
      execute_from_command_line(['manage.py', os.environ.get('COMMAND', 'migrate')])
  

• Invoke the Function:

  • Manually invoke the Lambda function to run migrations.

Option 2: Run Migrations Locally

• Set Up SSH Tunnel (if necessary):

  • If your database is not publicly accessible, establish an SSH tunnel through a bastion host or VPN.

• Run Migrations:

  python manage.py migrate
  

Note: Ensure your local environment can access the database.

Step 10: Best Practices and Considerations

1. Database Connection Management

• Use RDS Proxy: Helps manage and pool connections, reducing overhead.

• Set CONN_MAX_AGE in Django:

  DATABASES['default']['CONN_MAX_AGE'] = 600  # Keep connections open for 10 minutes
  

2. Security

• IAM Authentication (Optional): Use IAM roles to authenticate to the database instead of static credentials.
• Restrict Security Group Access: Limit inbound rules to necessary sources.
• Encryption: Enable encryption at rest and in transit.

3. Performance Optimization

• Lambda Function Memory and Timeout:

  • Allocate more memory to increase CPU allocation.
  • Set appropriate timeout values.

• VPC Endpoint (Optional):

  • Use VPC endpoints for AWS services to reduce latency.

4. Monitoring and Logging

• Enable Enhanced Monitoring: In RDS for detailed performance metrics.
• Use CloudWatch Alarms: Set up alarms for key metrics (e.g., CPU utilization, connections).

5. Cost Management

• Right-Size RDS Instances: Choose instance types that match your workload.
• Use Serverless Database Options: Consider Amazon Aurora Serverless for variable workloads.

Additional Tips

• Testing in Development:

  • Use a separate RDS instance for development and testing.
  • Ensure configurations mirror production as closely as possible.

• Automate Deployment:

  • Use AWS SAM, CloudFormation, or Terraform to automate infrastructure provisioning.

• Stay Updated:

  • Regularly update your database engine version and apply patches.

Conclusion

By following these steps, you’ve set up an AWS RDS database instance configured to work with your Lambda function running a Django application. This setup ensures secure, scalable, and efficient database connectivity in a serverless environment.